The World's History

The World's History, 5th edition, Howard Spodek.

Why History?

The professional historian and the student of an introductory course often seem to pass each other on different tracks. For the professional, nothing is more fascinating than history. For the student, particularly one in a compulsory course, the whole enterprise often seems a bore. The introductory text is designed to help the student to understand and share the fascination of the historian. It will also remind professors of their original attraction to history, before they began the specialization that has almost certainly marked their later careers. Furthermore, it encourages student and professor to explore together the history of the world and the significance of this study.	专业历史学家与修读入门课程的学生往往看似在不同的轨道上擦肩而过。对专业人士而言，没有什么比历史更令人着迷；而对于学生，尤其是那些修读必修课的学生来说，这整门学问往往显得枯燥乏味。这本入门教材旨在帮助学生理解并分享历史学家对历史的那份着迷。同时，它也能唤起教授们对历史最初的热爱，回想起在开始专业化研究之前的初心——而这种专业化几乎必然贯穿了他们后来的职业生涯。此外，本书还鼓励学生和教授共同探索世界历史以及这项研究的意义。
Professional historians love their field for many reasons. History offers perspective and guidance in forming a personal view of human development. It teaches the necessity of seeing many sides of issues. It explores the complexity and interrelationship of events and makes possible the search for patterns and meaning in human life.	专业历史学家热爱这一领域，原因有很多。历史为构建关于人类发展的个人见解提供了视角和指引。它教会我们必须从多方面看待问题。它探索事件的复杂性及其相互关系，让人们得以探寻人类生活中的规律与意义。
Historians love to debate - the challenge of demonstrating that their interpretations of the pattern and significance of events are the most accurate and the most satisfying in their fit between the available data and theory. Historians also love the detective work of the profession, whether it is searching through old archives, uncovering and using new sources of information, or reinterpreting long-ignored sources. In recent years historians have turned, for example, to oral history, old church records, files of photographs, cave paintings, individual census records, and reinterpretation of mythology.	历史学家热衷于辩论——这种挑战在于论证他们对事件规律及意义的诠释是最准确的，且在现有数据与理论的契合度方面是最令人信服的。历史学家也热爱这一行里的“侦探工作”，无论是翻阅陈旧的档案，发掘并利用新的史料，还是重新解读长期被忽视的文献。例如，近年来，历史学家们已将目光投向了口述历史、古老的教会记录、照片档案、洞穴壁画、个人人口普查记录以及对神话传说的重新解读等领域。
Historical records are not simply lists of events, however. They are the means by which historians develop their interpretation of those events. Because interpretation differs, there is no single historical record, but various narrations of events each told from a different perspective. Therefore the study of history is intimately linked to the study of values, the values of the historical actors, of the historians who have written about them, and of the students engaged in learning about them.	然而，历史记录绝非仅仅是事件的罗列。它们是历史学家借以构建对这些事件之解读的媒介。由于解读方式各异，因此不存在唯一的历史记录，而是存在对事件的多种叙述，每一种叙述都源自不同的视角。因此，历史研究与价值观的研究密不可分——这既包括历史亲历者的价值观，也包括记录这些历史的历史学家的价值观，还包括正在研习这些历史的学生的价值观。
Professional historians consider history to be the king of disciplines. Synthesizing the concepts of fellow social scientists in economics, politics, anthropology, sociology, and geography, historians create a more integrated and comprehensive interpretation of the past. Joining with their colleagues in the humanities, historians delight in hearing and telling exciting stories that recall heroes and villains, the low-born and the high, the wisdom and the folly of days gone by. Increasingly, history also includes the history of science - its discoveries, its methods, and its implications for philosophy, technology, and human life. This fusion of the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences gives the study of history its range, depth, significance, and pleasure. Training in historical thinking provides an excellent introduction to understanding change and continuity in our own day as well as in the past.	专业历史学家视历史学为众学科之首。通过融汇经济学、政治学、人类学、社会学和地理学等社会科学领域同僚的理念，历史学家构建出对过去更为整合、全面的解读。历史学家还与人文科学领域的同仁联手，乐于聆听并讲述那些激动人心的故事，重现往昔的英雄与恶徒、卑微与显赫、智慧与愚昧。此外，历史学的范畴也日益囊括了科学史——包括科学发现、科学方法，及其对哲学、技术和人类生活的影响。这种社会科学、人文科学与自然科学的融合，赋予了历史研究以广度、深度、意义和乐趣。历史思维的训练，为理解当今及过去的变迁与延续提供了绝佳的入门途径。

Why World History?

Why specifically world history? Why should we teach and study world history, and what should be the content of such a course?	为什么特别是世界史？我们为什么要教授和学习世界史？这样一门课程的内容又应当包含什么？
First, world history is a good place to begin for it is new field for professor and student alike. Neither its content nor its pedagogy is yet fixed. Many of existing textbooks on the market still have their origins in the study of Western Europe, with segments added to cover the rest of the world. World History as the study of the interrelationships of all regions of the world, seen from the many perspectives of the different peoples of the earth, is till virgin territory.	首先，世界史是一个很好的起点，因为无论对教授还是学生而言，它都是一个崭新的领域。其内容和教学方法都尚未定型。市场上现有的许多教科书仍然立足于西欧研究，只是增添了一些章节来涵盖世界其他地区。而作为一门从地球上不同民族的多种视角出发、研究世界各地区相互关系的学科，世界史仍然是一块未被开垦的处女地。
pedagogy: the study of the methods and activities of teaching. 教学法，教育学。
Second, for citizens of multicultural, multiethnic nations such as the United States, Canada, South Africa, and India, and of many other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and most nations of the European Union, which are moving in that direction, a world history course offers the opportunity to gain an appreciation of the national and cultural origins of all their diverse fellow citizens. In this way, the study of world history may help to strengthen the bonds of national citizenship.	其次，对于像美国、加拿大、南非和印度这样的多文化、多民族国家的公民，以及像英国、澳大利亚和欧盟大多数国家那样正朝着这一方向发展的许多其他国家的公民来说，世界历史课程提供了一个契机，使他们能够了解并尊重其多元化同胞的民族与文化起源。通过这种方式，世界历史的学习有助于增强国家公民之间的凝聚力。
Third, as the entire world becomes a single unit for interaction, it becomes an increasingly appropriate subject for historical study. The new reality of global interaction in communication, business, politics, religion, culture, and ecology has helped to generate the new academic subject of world history.	第三，随着整个世界日益成为一个互动的整体，它也越来越适合作为历史研究的对象。通讯、商业、政治、宗教、文化和生态等领域全球互动的新现实，推动了世界历史这一新学术课题的产生。

Organization and Approach

The text, like the year-long course, links chronology, themes, and geography in eight units, or Parts, of study. The Parts move progressively along a time line from the emergence of early humans to the present day. Each Part emphasizes a single theme - for example, urbanization or religion or migration - and students learn to use them all to analyze historical events and to develop a grasp of the chronology of human development. The final chapter employs all the themes developed in the first seven Parts and adds an additional one, identity - personal, group, national, and global - as tools for understanding the history of our own times.	这本教材，就像那门为期一年的课程一样，将年代、主题和地理这三个要素串联在八个学习单元（或称“部分”）之中。这八个部分沿着时间线逐步推进，从早期人类的出现一直讲到今天。每个部分都侧重于一个特定的主题——例如城市化、宗教或迁徙——学生将学习如何运用所有这些主题来分析历史事件，并掌握人类发展的年代脉络。最后一章不仅运用了前七个部分所阐述的所有主题，还增加了一个额外的主题——身份认同（包括个人、群体、国家和全球层面的认同），以此作为理解我们当代历史的工具。
chronology: the order in which a series of events happened, or a list or explanation of these events in the order in which they happened. 按事件发生的年代排列的顺序；（大事）年表。

New to the Fifth Edition

Each chapter of the book has been reviewed and revised for this new edition, to accommodate new scholarship and in response to reviewer comments. The final two chapters, dealing with the contemporary world, have been extensively revised.	本书的每一章都为这一新版本进行了审阅和修订，以纳入新的学术成果和对审稿人意见的回应。最后两章涉及当代世界的内容，更是经过了大幅度的修改。
The pedagogical features have been carefully examined, and a completely new design makes it easy for students to find special features, such as the How Do We Know? boxes. The Turning Point boxes and Part openers have been revised, rewritten, and combined into one for all Parts.	教学特色部分经过了仔细审查，全新的设计使得学生能够轻松找到诸如“我们如何知道？”（How Do We Know?）专栏等特色内容。“转折点”（Turning Point）专栏和各部分的开篇介绍也经过了修订、重写，并在所有部分中合并为一体。
pedagogical: relating to the methods and theory of teaching. 教学法的，教育学的。

Content Changes

Within each Part, material has been updated, revised, and added. Examples of some of the more notable changes and additions include: Substantial additions to the discussion of the DNA genetic record; additional material on the Aryans and the Indus valley settlers; discussion of recent archaeological discoveries in China; expanded coverage of agricultural villages; new material on Theodora, wife of the emperor Justinian; updated scholarship on the history of the Jewish people; new scholarship on the slave trade to the Americas; consideration of Russian migration to the west coast of the New World, via the Bering Straits and Alaska.	在每个部分中，内容都进行了更新、修订和增补。一些较为显著的改动和新增内容包括：大幅增加了关于 DNA 遗传记录的讨论；补充了关于雅利安人和印度河流域定居者的资料；探讨了中国近期的考古发现；扩展了对农村的介绍；新增了关于查士丁尼皇帝之妻狄奥多拉的内容；更新了关于犹太人历史的学术研究；纳入了关于美洲奴隶贸易的新学术成果；以及探讨了俄罗斯人经由白令海峡和阿拉斯加向新世界西海岸的迁徙。
Aryan: belonging or relating to a group of white people with pale hair and blue eyes, believed by Nazis to be better than other groups.（尤指浅色头发、蓝眼睛、被纳粹认为是最优等人种的）雅利安人的，北欧日耳曼人的。 Indus valley: 印度河谷。
In updating the book to cover the events of contemporary history, we have added new materials to reflect new developments. These include: Breakthroughs in genetically modified crops; new ideas about the morality of using animals, especially chimpanzees, in research; coverage of the world economic collapse of 2008 and the nature of the recovery that began about 2012/13; discussion of the so-called Arab Spring; information on the Naxalite revolts in the tribal areas of India; material on globalization; updates in ecological technology and reliance on petrofuels; material on WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, Bradley Manning, and Edward Snowden; the public humanitarian activism of rock stars such as Bono; and the significance of the early influence of Pope Francis I on Roman Catholic Church.	在更新本书以涵盖当代历史事件的过程中，我们添加了新材料以反映新的发展。这些内容包括：转基因作物的突破；关于在研究中使用动物（特别是黑猩猩）的道德问题的新观点；对 2008 年世界经济崩溃及始于 2012/13 年左右的复苏性质的报道；关于所谓“阿拉伯之春”的讨论；关于印度部落地区纳萨尔派（Naxalite）叛乱的信息；关于全球化的材料；生态技术和对石油燃料依赖方面的更新；关于维基解密、朱利安·阿桑奇（Julian Assange）、布拉德利·曼宁（Bradley Manning）和爱德华·斯诺登（Edward Snowden）的材料；摇滚明星（如波诺 Bono）的公共人道主义活动；以及教皇方济各一世早期对罗马天主教会影响的重要性。
chimpanzee: a small, very intelligent African ape with black or brown fur. 黑猩猩。 activism: the use of direct and noticeable action to achieve a result, usually a political or social one.（通常指为达到政治或社会目的而采取各种手段的）激进主义，行动主义。

Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions

Chapter One, on human origins, substantially modifies and adds to the discussion of the DNA genetic record.	关于人类起源的第一章，大幅修改并增补了有关 DNA 遗传记录的论述。
Chapter Two expands coverage of agricultural villages. Material has been added on family life, village life, treatment of graves, and the role of women. The discussion of Hammurabi's Code has been enhanced.	第二章扩展了对农业村落的涵盖范围。新增了关于家庭生活、村落生活、墓葬处理以及女性角色的内容。此外，对《汉谟拉比法典》的探讨也得到了充实。
Chapter Three clarifies the significance of the New, Middle, and Old Kingdoms with additional information. Material has been added explaining the relationship between the Aryans and the Indus valley settlers.	第三章通过补充资料进一步阐明了新王国、中王国和古王国时期的重要意义。此外，还新增了阐述雅利安人与印度河流域定居者之间关系的内容。
Chapter Four adds material on recent archaeological discoveries at Huanbei and in the Anyang region of China. Coverage has been added on Eurasian immigrants to the New World and on the peoples in and urbanization of the Andes Mountains. A new excerpt from the Popol Vuh has been included.	第四章增加了关于中国洹北及安阳地区近期考古发现的内容。新增了关于迁徙至新大陆的欧亚移民，以及安第斯山脉各族群及其城市化进程的篇幅。此外，还收录了《波波尔·乌》的新节选。
Chapter Six includes new information on Theodora, wife of Emperor Justinian.	第六章收录了关于查士丁尼皇帝之妻西奥多拉的新资料。
Chapter Ten includes updated scholarship on the history of the Jewish people material on early Christian attitudes to sexuality, beginning with Jesus' early follower Paul, and leading to the later ban on priests marrying.	第十章收录了关于犹太人历史的最新学术成果，并增加了关于早期基督教性观念的资料，内容涵盖从耶稣的早期追随者保罗开始，直至后来禁止神职人员结婚的演变过程。
Chapter Eleven's section on the Crusades has been expanded and updated to reflect recent scholarship.	第十一章关于十字军东征的部分进行了扩充与更新，以反映最新的学术成果。
Crusades: one of the religious wars (= crusades) fought by Christians, mostly against Muslims in Palestine, in the 11th, 12th, 13th, and 17th centuries. 十字军东征。
Chapter Twelve has been reorganized chronologically and geographically, and now moves from the general introduction to the specifics of trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia, then to Africa, and finally to the Americas. The section on the Mongol Empire has been revised and expanded, and indicates the reasons that many historians now call the Mongol Empire, and its trade routes, the marker of the beginning of the modern world.	第十二章已按时间顺序和地理方位进行了重新编排，现在的叙述脉络从概论开始，进而深入到印度洋和亚洲的贸易细节，随后是非洲，最后是美洲。关于蒙古帝国的部分经过了修订与扩充，并阐述了为何许多历史学家如今将蒙古帝国及其贸易路线视为现代世界开端的标志。
Chapter Fourteen adds material on the inflation caused by the tans-Pacific silver trade. A new section discusses the Thirty Years War. Coverage has been added of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Cardinal Richelieu. Material has been added on the rule and achievements of Catherine the Great. The section on the Ottoman Empire has been expanded, and material has been added on the millet system.	第十四章补充了关于跨太平洋白银贸易引发通货膨胀的内容。新增了一节专门讨论三十年战争。增加了关于圣巴托罗缪大屠杀和红衣主教黎塞留的篇幅。此外，还补充了关于叶卡捷琳娜大帝的统治及其成就的资料。关于奥斯曼帝国的部分得到了扩充，并新增了关于米勒特制度的内容。
Chapter Fifteen adds material on Russian expansion across the Bering Straits and into "Russian America". New scholarship has been included relating to the number of slaves transported to the Americas. New material covers the Janissary system in the Ottoman Empire.	第十五章补充了关于俄国跨越白令海峡向“俄属美洲”扩张的资料。收录了关于被运往美洲的奴隶数量的最新学术成果。此外，还新增了关于奥斯曼帝国耶尼切里制度（Janissary system）的内容。
Chapter Sixteen expands on Candide and adds more coverage of the ideas of Adam Smith. Additional material is included on the "American school" of ethnography, as described by Samuel George Morton. The chapter now includes a discussion of the salons of Paris and an excerpt from Rousseau's Emile. Historiography of the French Revolution has been expanded with new scholarship.	第十六章扩充了关于《老实人》（Candide）的内容，并增加了对亚当·斯密思想的探讨。收录了关于塞缪尔·乔治·莫顿所阐述的民族志学“美国学派”的补充资料。本章现在包含了对巴黎沙龙的探讨，以及卢梭《爱弥儿》的节选。此外，关于法国大革命史学史的部分也利用最新的学术成果进行了扩充。
ethnography: a scientific description of the culture of a society by someone who has lived in it, or a book containing this. 人种志，人种论；人种志著作。
The Part Seven opener and the Turning Point are restructured into one, reframing the discussion of the Olympics as a case study of what was happening in the international relations at the time.	第七部分的开篇与“转折点”合二为一，将关于奥运会的讨论重新定位为案例研究，用以反映当时的国际关系局势。
Chapter Eighteen now includes coverage of the German historian and philosopher Heinrich von Treitschke. The chapter covers the modernization program in Egypt, including Aida, the new opera commissioned from Verdi.	第十八章现在收录了关于德国历史学家兼哲学家海因里希·冯·特赖奇克的内容。本章还探讨了埃及的现代化进程，其中包括委托威尔第创作的新歌剧《阿依达》。
Chapter Nineteen has been restructured to show that while Latin America and China did not get involved in World War I, the war and the Great Depression did affect them, and the effects came about because of their decisions not to industrialize effectively.	第十九章经过重新编排，旨在表明尽管拉丁美洲和中国未直接卷入第一次世界大战，但战争和大萧条仍对它们造成了影响，而这种后果源于它们未能有效推进工业化的决策。
Chapter Twenty contains an expanded discussion of the Italian preference for fascism over communism. Coverage of the Nuremberg Trials has been expanded, and material has been added on the Tokyo Tribunal.	第二十章扩充了关于意大利倾向于法西斯主义而非共产主义的讨论。关于纽伦堡审判的篇幅得到了扩展，并新增了关于东京审判的资料。
Chapter Twenty-one has been tightened and reorganized. More has been added to the discussion of the beginning of the ecology movement.	第二十一章经过了精简与重新编排。增加了关于生态运动起源的讨论篇幅。
Chapter Twenty-three includes updated material on chimpanzee research, genetically modified plants, and infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. It includes coverage of China's plan, now being implemented, to move millions of people to cities built by the government for that purpose. Material on migration to cities has been added throughout, along with updated material on urban slums and the UN's Conferences on Human Settlements, Habitats I and II. Coverage of terrorism and world terrorist organizations and actions has been updated, with a section added on Boko Haram in Nigeria. The coverage of Barack Obama's presidency has been expanded, as has the discussion of China's economy and its rise as a superpower. Discussion of world poverty has been updated with new search. The chapter includes coverage of the economic crash of 2008 and the global recession. The Arab Spring is analyzed and information brought up to date. In religion, there are updates on internal tension between secular and religious Israelis; On the Catholic Church and Pope Francis I; and on the significance of evangelical Christianity and of religions of new immigrants in the United States.	第二十三章更新了关于黑猩猩研究、转基因植物以及由动物传播给人类的传染病的资料。本章收录了关于中国正在实施的一项计划的内容，该计划旨在将数百万人口迁移至政府专为此建设的城市中。全章多处增补了关于人口向城市流动的资料，并更新了关于城市贫民窟以及联合国人类住区会议（第一届和第二届人居会议）的内容。关于恐怖主义以及世界恐怖组织和恐怖活动的报道已更新，并新增了一节专门讨论尼日利亚“博科圣地”组织的内容。扩充了关于巴拉克·奥巴马总统任期的篇幅，同时也扩展了关于中国经济及其作为超级大国崛起的讨论。利用最新的研究成果更新了关于世界贫困问题的讨论。本章涵盖了 2008 年经济崩盘及全球经济衰退的内容。文中对“阿拉伯之春”进行了分析，并更新了相关信息。在宗教方面，更新了关于以色列世俗派与宗教派之间内部紧张关系的内容；关于天主教会和教皇方济各一世的内容；以及关于福音派基督教和美国新移民宗教的重要性的内容。
evangelical: belonging to one of the Protestant Churches or Christian groups that believes that the teaching of the Bible and persuading other people to join them is extremely important. 基督教福音派的。
Chapter Twenty-four has been much updated, with new data on population levels, the value of the global economy, the amount of goods shipped globally, and so on. New material covers globalization and the protests against it; social media; poverty and efforts to eradicate it worldwide; and growing income disparity. A new section covers the financial crisis tht began in 2008 and the recovery that began in 2013. The chapter includes expanded coverage of nationalist and separatist movements from Ireland to Spain, to Canada, to Belgium, to several African nations. The Arab Spring is discussed for its religious ramifications, somewhat distinct from its political ramifications covered in Chapter Twenty-three. Gender issues, and especially changing family relationships, have gained expanded coverage. Coverage of the Naxalite revolts in India has been added, and that of migration and of refugees has been thoroughly updated with new facts and statistics. Updates to the cultural coverage include the additions of Kiran Ahluwalia and Bono. A new section discusses Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and Edward Snowden. Material has been added to update the information on ecological technology and reliance on petrofuels.	第二十四章进行了大幅更新，包含了关于人口数量、全球经济产值、全球货物运输量等方面的新数据。新增内容涵盖了全球化及其引发的抗议、社交媒体、贫困及全球消除贫困的努力，以及日益扩大的收入差距。一个新章节专门讨论了始于 2008 年的金融危机以及始于 2013 年的复苏。本章扩充了关于民族主义和分离主义运动的篇幅，范围涉及爱尔兰、西班牙、加拿大、比利时以及若干非洲国家。文中探讨了“阿拉伯之春”的宗教影响，这与第二十三章中所述的政治影响有所不同。性别议题，尤其是不断变化的家庭关系，得到了更多的篇幅。增加了关于印度纳萨尔派叛乱的内容，并利用新的事实和统计数据全面更新了关于移民和难民的部分。文化内容的更新包括增加了基兰·阿鲁瓦利亚和波诺的相关资料。新的一节讨论了布拉德利·曼宁、维基解密和爱德华·斯诺登。此外，还补充了资料以更新关于生态技术和对石油燃料依赖的信息。
ramification: the possible results of an action. 可能的后果；衍生结果；派生影响。

Special Features

Learning Objectives now appear at the beginning of each chapter, and are repeated in question from under the relevant section headings and in tabs down the side of each page as reminders, before being answered at the end of each chapter, to encourage students to consider their own reading of the chapter.	每一章的开头现设有“学习目标”，这些目标不仅会在相关节标题下方以问题形式重现，还会出现在每页侧边的标签栏中作为提示，并最终在章末给出解答，旨在鼓励学生在阅读过程中进行独立思考。
The Introduction to the book describes the key themes of the text and the methods historians use to practice their craft.	本书的“绪论”部分阐述了全书的核心主题，以及历史学家从事历史研究时所运用的方法。
The introductions to each of the eight Parts now include more specific key references to the chapters that follow.	全书八个部分的“导言”现在都包含了对后续章节更具体的关键指引。
MyHistoryLab links, to primary sources, videos, images, and maps, appear throughout the chapters.	MyHistoryLab 的链接贯穿各章，指向第一手史料、视频、图像和地图。
Key Terms are listed at the each chapter for easy reference, and collected in the Glossary at the end of the book.	每章末尾均列有“关键术语”，便于查阅，并在书末的“词汇表”中进行了汇总。
Turning Point essays, some completely new for this edition, illustrate visually the connections between one Part and the next. In some cases, the Turning Points tell their own story as well, notably in the bridge into the twenty-first century that uses the modern Olympic Games to illustrate and introduce many of the issues that are to follow. Turning Point Questions ask students to consider the material that has been presented.	“转折点”专文（其中部分为本版全新增补）直观地展示了各部分之间的联系。在某些情况下，这些“转折点”本身也讲述了独立的故事，尤其是作为通往二十一世纪桥梁的那一篇，它利用现代奥林匹克运动会来阐释并引出随后的许多议题。“转折点思考题”旨在引导学生对已呈现的内容进行思考。
The How Do We Know? features help the student to understand how historians use evidence, both textual and visual, to interpret the past.	“我们何以知晓？”专栏帮助学生理解历史学家是如何利用文本和视觉证据来解读过去的。
This edition also continues the emphasis on the use of primary sources, for this is the kind of material from which the historical record is argued and fashioned. Most chapters have two or more Source boxes, which have been colored purple in this edition to stand out.	本版继续强调对第一手史料的使用，因为历史记载正是依据此类材料论证与构建而成的。大多数章节包含两个或更多的“史料框”，在本版中，这些方框被处理为紫色，以示醒目。
The Suggested Readings for each chapter have been thoroughly revised, updated, and expanded to reflect current scholarship. Films, videos, and online assets have been added. Each item in the bibliography is annotated to direct students with their reading.	每章的“推荐阅读”都经过了全面的修订、更新和扩充，以反映当前的学术动态。新增了电影、视频和在线资源。书目中的每一项都附有注释，为学生的阅读提供指引。
Each chapter text ends with a discussion of legacies to the future, namely, What Difference Does It Make?	每章正文的结尾都有一段关于留给未来的遗产的讨论，即“这有何影响？”。
Each chapter concludes with a Chapter Review, where the reader is given answers to the Learning Objectives, essentially a summary of the most important material covered in each main heading.	每章最后设有“本章回顾”，在此为读者提供“学习目标”的解答，实际上是对每个主标题下最重要内容的总结。

New Layout and Design

Readers will notice cleaner design of box features. The format has reverted to the original taller page size so that the text and pictures have a little more room to breathe.	读者会发现专栏版块的设计更加简洁。版式恢复了最初较为修长的开本，从而让文字和图片的排版显得更加舒展。

Maps and Illustrations

To aid the student, extensive, clear, and informative charts and maps represent information graphically and geographically. A wide range of illustrations, most in color, supplements the written word. For the fifth edition we have added more than 50 new illustrations.	为了辅助学生学习，书中提供了大量清晰且信息丰富的图表与地图，以图形和地理的方式呈现信息。此外，还有涵盖广泛的插图（多为彩色）作为文字内容的补充。在第五版中，我们新增了 50 多幅插图。